3D Printing in Restorative Dentistry: A Review of Materials, Accuracy, and Clinical Applications

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a revolutionary technology in restorative dentistry which has brought new possibilities to the design and fabrication of dental prostheses. Additive manufacturing offers better customization, material efficiency, and integration of digital workflow as compared to the traditional subtractive methods. Several categories of printable materials such as photopolymer resins, ceramics and metals are now offered temporarily and permanently in restorations, denture bases and implant-supported structures. The clinical performance and accuracy of 3D-printed restorations is based on the technology of the printer, its resolution, post-processing procedure, and properties of the materials. Recent findings show that there are good results in terms of marginal fit, mechanical stability, and esthetics; however there are still issues with long-term durability, surface finishing, and inter-system standardization. In addition to prosthesis, there are also clinical uses of the technology in surgical guides, occlusal splints, and customized trays, which underlines the versatility of the technology. Further multi-material printing, bioactive material, and optimization of workflow investigations will likely increase the 3D printing application in restorative dentistry that can enhance personalized and efficient patient care.